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1.
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: biblio-1136785

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify if there are differences among the complementary feeding indicators of children aged 6-23 months according to the breastfeeding status. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1,355 children aged 6-23 months in 2012 to evaluate five indicators proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and modified in accordance with Brazilian's recommendations "Ten steps to a healthy feeding: a feeding guide for children under two years old". The indicators used were: I. Introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods; II. Minimum dietary diversity; III. Minimum meal frequency; IV. Minimum acceptable diet, and V. Consumption of iron-rich foods. To verify differences between the complementary feeding indicators according to breastfeeding status, the F-statistic was used, with p≤0.05 meaning significant. Results: Indicators I, II, and V were similar among breastfed and non-breastfed children; however, indicators III and IV presented a higher proportion of adequacy for non-breastfed children, with 94.9% (CI95% 93.2-96.2) versus 40.3% (CI95% 33.2-47.9) for indicator III, and 57.3% (CI95% 53.2-61.2) versus 23.1% (CI95% 17.4-30.1) for indicator IV. Conclusions: Non-breastfed children have better complementary feeding status, but the indicator III takes into account non-breast milk as a meal for non-breastfed children, which increased the number of dairy meals and influenced indicator IV (calculated from indicators II and III).


RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar se existem diferenças entre os indicadores de alimentação complementar de crianças de 6 a 23 meses segundo o estado de amamentação. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em 2012 com 1.355 crianças de 6 a 23 meses de idade com avaliação de cinco indicadores propostos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e modificados com base nas recomendações dos Dez passos para uma alimentação saudável: guia alimentar para crianças menores de dois anos, do Ministério da Saúde. Os indicadores utilizados foram: I. Introdução de alimentos sólidos, semissólidos ou pastosos; II. Diversidade mínima da dieta; III. Frequência mínima das refeições; IV. Dieta mínima aceitável; e V. Consumo de alimentos ricos em ferro. Para verificar diferenças entre os indicadores de alimentação complementar segundo o estado de amamentação foi empregada a estatística F, sendo significante p≤0,05. Resultados: Os indicadores I, II e V foram semelhantes entre as crianças amamentadas e não amamentadas, porém os indicadores III e IV apresentaram maior proporção de adequação para as não amamentadas: para o indicador III, 94,9% (intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 93,2-96,2) versus 40,3% (IC95% 33,2-47,9), e para o indicador IV, 57,3% (IC95% 53,2-61,2) versus 23,1% (IC95% 17,4-30,1). Conclusões: As crianças não amamentadas apresentaram melhor situação de alimentação complementar, porém o indicador III leva em consideração o leite não materno como refeição para crianças não amamentadas, o que elevou o número de refeições lácteas e influenciou o indicador IV, calculado a partir dos indicadores II e III.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child, Preschool , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Brazil , Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data , Nutritional Status , Cross-Sectional Studies , Eating
2.
Rev. Paul. Pediatr. (Ed. Port., Online) ; 38: e2018084, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1057222

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the scientific literature on Baby-Led Weaning with an integrative literature review to identify risks and benefits. Data source: The databases used were: National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS - Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), US National Library of Medicine (PubMed), and Virtual Health Library (BVS - Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde) in December 2017. The inclusion criteria established were publications in English with the descriptor "baby-led weaning" in the heading, abstract, or keywords, classified as original articles, of primary nature, and available online and in full. We excluded review articles, editorials, letters to the editor, critical commentaries, and books on the subject, as well as articles not available in full and duplicates. Data summary: We identified 106 articles, of which 17 met the selection criteria. The Baby-Led Weaning method was significantly associated with the baby's satiety, the start of complementary feeding, and adequacy of weight gain. On the other hand, choking and the intake of micronutrients were negatively associated, however with no statistical differences. Conclusions: Despite the benefits found, the risks still deserve attention and should be investigated with longitudinal randomized controlled studies to ensure the safety of the method when practiced exclusively.


RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a literatura científica referente ao desmame guiado pelo bebê (Baby-Led Weaning) por meio de revisão integrativa de literatura a fim de identificar riscos e benefícios. Fonte de dados: As bases de dados utilizadas foram: National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), US National Library of Medicine (PubMed) e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS); e a busca foi realizada em dezembro de 2017. Os critérios de inclusão estabelecidos foram publicações em inglês com o descritor "baby-led weaning" no título, resumo ou palavras-chave em artigos classificados como originais de natureza primária, disponibilizados online e na íntegra. Excluíram-se artigos de revisão, editoriais, cartas ao editor, comentários críticos e livros abordando o assunto, assim como artigos não disponíveis na íntegra e duplicatas. Síntese dos dados: Identificaram-se 106 artigos, dos quais 17 faziam parte do critério de seleção. O método Baby-Led Weaning teve associação significativa com a saciedade do bebê, início da alimentação complementar e adequação de ganho de peso. Já o engasgo e a ingestão de micronutrientes foram associados negativamente, contudo sem diferenças estatísticas. Conclusões: Apesar dos benefícios apontados, os riscos ainda merecem atenção por meio de pesquisas longitudinais controladas e randomizadas para fornecer mais segurança para a sua prática de forma exclusiva.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Satiety Response/physiology , Weaning , Feeding Behavior/psychology , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data , Weight Gain/physiology , Case-Control Studies , Child Health/standards , Cross-Sectional Studies , Longitudinal Studies , Airway Obstruction/epidemiology
3.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 69(1): 50-58, mar. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1022679

ABSTRACT

El lactante de 12 a 24 meses es un foco de atención debido a que se encuentra en un periodo de edad de gran vulnerabilidad a la mala nutrición y/o al establecimiento de malos hábitos de alimentación; en consecuencia, es crucial identificar las prácticas de alimentación de los infantes durante los primeros 24 meses de edad. En este estudio, transversal analítico, se reportan las prácticas de lactancia materna y alimentación complementaria de 211 lactantes, de 15 a 24 meses de edad, separados por género. Se obtuvieron las características del lactante, las prácticas de lactancia materna y de alimentación complementaria, el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y de alimentos ultraprocesados. Se utilizaron las pruebas t de Student no pareada, chi cuadrada y se estimó la razón de momios (IC95%). Las madres prolongaron más la lactancia materna en varones. En 99% de los lactantes se observó una ingestión excesiva de alimentos ultraprocesados, y los mismos se consumían con mayor frecuencia (seis veces/semana). La frecuencia de consumo de bebidas azucaradas fue de cinco veces por semana en ambos géneros. La cantidad de bebidas azucaradas consumidas al día fue significativamente mayor en varones y tenían cuatro veces mayor probabilidad de consumir las mismas [RM= 4.9 (IC95% 1.22, 19.5), p=0.02] y mayor probabilidad de consumir jugos procesados [RM=1.94 (IC 95% 0.92, 4.09), p=0.078] que las niñas. En la población estudiada se observó un consumo excesivo de alimentos ultra-procesados y bebidas azucaradas, especialmente entre los varones(AU)


Infants aged 12 to 24 months are a focus of attention because they are in an age period of great vulnerability to poor nutrition and/or the establishment of bad eating habits; consequently, it is crucial to identify infant feeding practices during the first 24 months of age. In this analytical, cross-sectional study, breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices of 211 infants, aged 15 to 24 months, separated by gender, are reported. Infant characteristics, breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices, consumption of sugary drinks and ultra-processed foods were obtained. The unpaired Student t-tests, chi-square were used and the odds ratio (95% CI) was estimated. Mothers prolonged breastfeeding in boys. Excessive ingestion of ultra-processed foods was observed in 99% of infants, and they were consumed more frequently (six times / week). The frequency of consumption of sugary drinks was five times a week in both genders. The amount of sugary drinks consumed per day was, not only significantly higher in boys, but also they were four times more likely to consume this kind of beverages [RM = 4.9 (95% CI 1.22, 19.5), p = 0.02], as well as processed juices [RM = 1.94 (95% CI 0.92, 4.09), p = 0.078] than girls. In this studied population excessive consumption of ultra-processed and sugary drinks was observed, especially among males(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Breast Feeding , Malnutrition/complications , Infant , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Pediatrics , Child Health
4.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 35(4): e00072618, 2019. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1001659

ABSTRACT

Resumo: O objetivo foi identificar os padrões alimentares em crianças e verificar a sua associação com características maternas. Foram estudadas 1.185 crianças de 13 a 35 meses de idade. O consumo alimentar foi investigado por meio do recordatório alimentar de 24 horas e os padrões alimentares identificados pela análise fatorial por componentes principais, seguida de rotação ortogonal varimax. Utilizou-se a modelagem hierarquizada por meio da regressão de Poisson com estimativa robusta da variância para calcular as razões de prevalências. Quatro padrões alimentares foram identificados: comum brasileiro, lácteo/mingau, saudável e não saudável. A variância explicada por esses fatores foi de 34,3%, sendo que o padrão comum brasileiro foi o que mais contribuiu com a variância proporcional. Destaca-se o padrão lácteo/mingau, em que o leite materno apresentou carga fatorial negativa, apontando para a sua substituição pelos leites de vaca e modificados. Os dados revelam que a caracterização dos padrões alimentares das crianças diverge segundo as características maternas, como a idade, escolaridade e número de filhos. Três dos quatro padrões encontrados são representados por alimentos ricos em amido, gordura saturada e açúcar simples, e pobres em vitaminas, minerais e fibras. Multiparidade, menor escolaridade materna e idade materna menor que 20 anos foram associadas ao menor consumo de alimentos considerados saudáveis e importantes para o desenvolvimento infantil.


Abstract: This study sought to identify eating patterns among children and to verify their association with maternal characteristics. We studied 1,185 children aged 13 to 35 months. Food consumption was investigated using the 24h dietary recall and the eating patterns were identified using principal components factor analysis, followed by orthogonal varimax rotation. We carried out a hierarchical modeling using poisson regression with robust variance estimates in order to estimate prevalence ratios. We identified four eating patterns: common Brazilian, dairy/porridge, healthy and unhealthy. The variance explained by these factors was of 34.3% and the common Brazilian pattern was the one that most contributed to proportional variance. We highlight the dairy/porridge pattern, in which breast milk had negative factorial loading, suggesting its substitution by cow and modified milk. The data reveal that the characterization of children's eating patterns diverges according to maternal characteristics, such as age, educational level and number of children. Three of the four patterns we found are represented by foods rich in starch, saturated fat and simple sugar and poor in vitamins, minerals and fibers. Multiparity, lower educational levels and maternal age under 20 years were associated with a lower consumption of foods considered to be healthy and important in child development.


Resumen: El objetivo fue identificar los estándares alimentarios en niños y verificar su asociación con características maternas. Se estudiaron a 1.185 niños de 13 a 35 meses de edad. El consumo alimentario se investigó mediante un recordatorio alimentario de 24 horas, y los estándares alimentarios se identificaron mediante un análisis factorial por componentes principales, seguidos de una rotación ortogonal varimax. Se utilizó un modelado jerarquizado mediante la regresión de Poisson con estimativa robusta de la variancia para estimar razones de prevalencias. Se identificaron cuatro estándares alimentarios: brasileño común, lácteo/papillas, saludable y no saludable. La variancia explicada por esos factores fue 34,3%, donde el estándar común brasileño fue el que más contribuyó a la variancia proporcional. Se destaca el estándar lácteo/papilla, donde la leche materna presentó una carga factorial negativa, apuntando su sustitución por leches de vaca y modificadas. Los datos revelan que la caracterización de los estándares alimentarios de los niños diverge según las características maternas, como la edad, escolaridad y número de hijos. Tres de los cuatro estándares encontrados se representan por alimentos ricos en almidón, grasa saturada y azúcar común y pobre en vitaminas, minerales y fibras. Multiparidad, menor escolaridad materna y edad materna inferior a 20 años se asociaron a un menor consumo de alimentos considerados saludables e importantes para el desarrollo infantil.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Adult , Young Adult , Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Parity , Socioeconomic Factors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Prospective Studies , Maternal Age , Educational Status
5.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 89(3): 325-331, jun. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-959529

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: Es conocido que el recién nacido (RN) presenta descenso de peso inmediatamente después del nacimiento. La magnitud del descenso de peso es tema controversial y no existen datos en nuestro medio. OBJETIVOS: Determinar el porcentaje de descenso de peso diario en RN de término (RNT) sanos en las primeras 48 h de nacido. Precisar si los factores: género, tipo de parto, adecuación a edad gestacional y uso de fórmula láctea influyen en la disminución de peso. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio prospectivo en RNT sanos > 37 semanas de edad gestacional durante su permanencia en sala cuna (puerperio). Se recopilaron pesos al nacer, 24 y 48 h y se calculan los porcentajes de baja de peso, desde el registro diario de enfermería. Además, se consignó el género, tipo de parto, adecuación al nacimiento y el tipo de alimentación del RN, ya sea lactancia materna exclusiva, fórmula artificial o mixta (pecho y fórmula). Para estandarizar las mediciones, los pesos se expresaron en gramos y posteriormente se calculó el porcentaje de baja de peso en relación al nacimiento y al día previo. Se analizó la variable máximo porcentaje de baja de peso por día. Se realizó un modelo de regresión multivariada para la evolución de los porcentajes de pérdida de pesos. RESULTADOS: Se analizan 2960 RN. El descenso promedio de peso el primer día fue 4,43% (DS: 1,96), el segundo día 2,51% (DS: 1,86) y el descenso total a las 48 h fue 6,85% (DS: 1,92). El factor determinante en la baja de peso fue el tipo de parto. Los RN por cesárea presentan una mayor baja de peso entre las 24 y 48 h. El uso de fórmula láctea determina un menor descenso de peso en los RN comparados con los alimentados con leche materna (LM). CONCLUSIONES: El porcentaje de descenso de peso por día de los RN en nuestro centro es similar a lo reportado en la literatura internacional. El parto por cesárea es el factor asociado a mayor descenso de peso. El uso de fórmula láctea determina menor descenso de peso.


INTRODUCTION: It is known that the newborn (NB) presents weight loss immediately after birth. The magnitude of the weight loss is a controversial subject and there are no data in our sphere. OBJECTIVES: To determine the percentage of daily weight decrease in healthy full-term newborns in the first 48 hours of life. To specify whether factors such as gender, type of delivery, adequacy for gestational age, and use of milk formula influence weight loss. PATIENTS Y METHOD: Prospective study in healthy full-term newborns with > 37 weeks of gestational age during their stay in the nursery (puerperium). Weight data were collected at birth, 24 and 48 hours after birth, and the percentages of weight loss were calculated from the daily nursing record. In addition, gender, type of delivery, adequacy to the birth and type of feeding of the NB, either exclusive breastfeeding, artificial formula or mixed (breast milk and formula) were recorded. To standardize the measurements, weights were expressed in grams and subsequently the percentage of weight loss was calculated in relation to the birth and the previous day. The maximum percentage of weight loss per day variable was analyzed. A multivariate regression model was performed for the weight loss percentages evolution. RESULTS: 2960 NB were analyzed. The average weight loss on the first day was 4.43% (SD: 1.96), the second day 2.51% (SD: 1.86) and the total loss at 48 hours was of 6.85% (DS: 1.92). The determining factor in weight loss was the type of delivery. The NBs by cesarean section showed a greater weight loss in the first 24 to 48 hours. The use of milk formula determines a smaller weight loss in the NB compared with those fed with breast milk (BM). CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of weight loss per day of the NB in our center is similar to that reported in the international literature. Cesarean delivery is the factor associated with greater weight loss. The use of milk formula results in less weight loss.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Weight Loss/physiology , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Reference Values , Breast Feeding , Sex Factors , Prospective Studies , Delivery, Obstetric/methods , Infant Formula
6.
CoDAS ; 30(6): e20170157, 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-984229

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate if there is difficulty in introducing complementary feeding in premature infants. Methods This is an exploratory, cross-sectional study performed in premature infants between six and twenty-four months of gestationally corrected age, using complementary feeding. Thirty-eight infants born prematurely were included. The feeding difficulties presented by the infants were investigated through an objective question followed by the application of a food behavior checklist for the last month. The children's clinical variables were investigated through a medical record review. An interview was conducted with those responsible for the child to identify the sociodemographic aspects and the type of breastfeeding before the corrected six months of age. Results Asked about the general perception, 50% of parents answered that their children did not present feeding difficulties in the last month. However, when a checklist was applied, 73.7% of the parents reported that their children had at least one defensive behavior at mealtime. Refusal to open their mouths (42.1%), food selectivity (28.9%), and feeding refusal (26.3%) were the most frequent defensive behaviors. The food refusal item (44.4%) had a greater association with formula feeding (p = 0.033). Conclusion The present study showed an association between the type of breastfeeding and the difficulties in complementary feeding, especially in premature infants with formula feeding, presenting food refusal during meals. We found the presence of different types of defensive behaviors at mealtime in the majority of premature infants investigated.


RESUMO Objetivo Investigar se há dificuldade na introdução da alimentação complementar em lactentes prematuros. Método Trata-se de um estudo exploratório e transversal realizado em lactentes prematuros entre seis e vinte e quatro meses de idade corrigida gestacional, com alimentação complementar. Foram incluídas 38 crianças, 23 do gênero feminino e 15 do gênero masculino. As dificuldades de alimentação apresentadas pelos bebês foram investigadas através de uma pergunta objetiva seguida da aplicação de um checklist do comportamento alimentar no último mês. As variáveis ​​clínicas das crianças foram investigadas através de uma revisão de registro médico. Uma entrevista foi realizada com os responsáveis ​​pela criança para identificar os aspectos sociodemográficos e o tipo de aleitamento antes dos seis meses de idade corrigidos. Resultados Perguntado sobre a percepção geral, 50% dos pais responderam que seus filhos não apresentaram dificuldades de alimentação no último mês. No entanto, quando o checklist foi aplicado, 73,7% dos pais relataram que seus filhos tinham pelo menos um comportamento defensivo durante as refeições. A recusa de abrir a boca (42,1%), a seletividade alimentar (28,9%) e a recusa de alimentação (26,3%) foram os comportamentos defensivos mais frequentes. O item de recusa alimentar (44,4%) teve maior associação com aleitamento artificial (p = 0,033). Conclusão O presente estudo mostrou associação entre o tipo de aleitamento materno e as dificuldades na alimentação complementar, especialmente em lactentes prematuros com alimentação de fórmula, apresentando recusa alimentar durante as refeições. Também encontramos a presença de diferentes tipos de comportamentos defensivos na hora da refeição na maioria dos prematuros investigados.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Breast Feeding , Infant, Premature/physiology , Infant Formula , Feeding Behavior/psychology , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Parents , Reference Values , Birth Weight/physiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Gestational Age , Infant Behavior/physiology , Checklist
7.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 92(3,supl.1): 2-7,
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-787515

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To draw attention to the importance of interaction between caregiver and child during feeding and the influence of parenting style on dietary habit formation. Source of data: A search was performed in the PubMed and Scopus databases for articles addressing responsive feeding; the articles considered most relevant by the authors were selected. Synthesis of data: The way children are fed is decisive for the formation of their eating habits, especially the strategies that parents/caregivers use to stimulate feeding. In this context, responsive feeding has been emphasized, with the key principles: feed the infant directly and assist older children when they already eat on their own; feed them slowly and patiently, and encourage children to eat but do not force them; if the child refuses many types of foods, experiment with different food combinations, tastes, textures, and methods of encouragement; minimize distractions during meals; and make the meals an opportunity for learning and love, talking to the child during feeding and maintaining eye contact. It is the caregiver's responsibility to be sensitive to the child's signs and alleviate tensions during feeding, and make feeding time pleasurable; whereas it is the child's role to clearly express signs of hunger and satiety and be receptive to the caregiver. Conclusion: Responsive feeding is very important in dietary habit formation and should be encouraged by health professionals in their advice to families.


RESUMO Objetivo: Chamar a atenção para a importância da interação entre cuidador e criança durante a alimentação e a influência do estilo de parentalidade na formação do hábito alimentar. Fontes dos dados: Foi feita busca nas bases de dados PubMed e Scopus de artigos que abordassem a alimentação responsiva e foram sido selecionados aqueles julgados mais relevantes pelos autores. Síntese dos dados: O modo de alimentar as crianças é decisivo na formação do hábito alimentar, sobretudo as estratégias que os pais/cuidadores usam para estimular a alimentação. Nesse contexto, a alimentação responsiva tem merecido destaque, tem como princípios-chave: alimentar a criança pequena diretamente e assistir as mais velhas quando elas já comem sozinhas; alimentar lenta e pacientemente e encorajar a criança a comer, mas não forçá-la; se a criança recusar muitos alimentos, experimentar diferentes combinações de alimentos, de gostos, texturas e métodos de encorajamento; minimizar distrações durante as refeições; e fazer das refeições oportunidades de aprendizado e amor, falar com a criança durante a alimentação e manter contato olho a olho. Cabe ao cuidador a responsabilidade de ser sensível aos sinais da criança e aliviar tensões durante a alimentação, além de torná-la prazerosa; enquanto é papel da criança expressar os sinais de fome e saciedade com clareza e ser receptiva ao cuidador. Conclusão: A alimentação responsiva é muito importante na formação dos hábitos alimentares e deve ser incentivada pelos profissionais de saúde, que orientarão as famílias sobre como praticá-la.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child , Caregivers , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Parents , Breast Feeding , Nutritional Status , Parenting , Educational Status
8.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 92(1): 7-14, Jan.-Feb. 2016. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-775162

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To analyze the scientific literature on dietary changes in preterm children during the first years of life. DATA SOURCE: The PubMed database was used for article selection. The texts were analyzed according to their objectives, research design, and research group characteristics. The following were selected to comprise the criteria: (1) publications in the period from 1996 to 2014; (2) participation of infants and children from birth to 10 years of age; (3) development of oral motor skills necessary for feeding; (4) development of the feeding process; and (5) feeding difficulties during childhood. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: There were 282 studies identified, of which 17 were used in the review, and five more articles were identified through the reference list of selected articles, totaling 22 references. CONCLUSION: Very low birth weight preterm newborns are more likely to have feeding problems in early postnatal stages and during childhood when compared with full-term infants. Monitoring the feeding of these infants after hospital discharge is strictly recommended in an early intervention program aiming at better development of feeding skills.


RESUMO OBJETIVO: Analisar a literatura científica sobre alterações alimentares em crianças prematuras durante os primeiros anos de vida. FONTE DOS DADOS: A base de dados do Pubmed foi a precursora para a seleção dos artigos. Os textos foram analisados quanto aos seus objetivos, desenhos da pesquisa e características do grupo pesquisa e foram selecionados os seguintes temas para compor os critérios: (1) publicações de 1996 a 2014; (2) participação de bebês e crianças, do nascimento até os 10 anos; (3) desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras orais necessárias para a alimentação; (4) desenvolvimento do processo de alimentação e (5) dificuldades alimentares durante a infância. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Foram identificados 282 estudos, 17 foram usados e cinco artigos foram identificados por meio da lista de referência bibliográfica dos artigos selecionados, totalizando 22 referências bibliográficas. CONCLUSÃO: A revisão permitiu concluir que recém-nascidos pré-termo muito baixo peso (RNPTMBP) são mais propensos a apresentar problemas de alimentação nos estágios iniciais pós-natal e durante a infância quando comparados com crianças a termo. O monitoramento da alimentação após a alta hospitalar é estritamente recomendado em um programa de intervenção precoce com vistas ao melhor desenvolvimento das habilidades alimentares.


Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Eating/physiology , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Infant, Premature/growth & development , Transitional Care/standards , Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Infant Care/statistics & numerical data , Infant, Very Low Birth Weight/growth & development , Motor Skills/physiology
9.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 91(6,supl.1): S44-S51, nov.-dez. 2015. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-769804

ABSTRACT

Resumo Objetivos: Descrever o conceito dos primeiros mil dias, sua importância para a saúde e ações a serem implantadas, em especial pelos pediatras, para que a criança alcance nutrição e desenvolvimento saudáveis. Fonte dos dados: Revisão não sistemática nas bases SciELO, Lilacs, Medline, Scopus e Web of Science nos últimos dez anos com os termos mil dias, nutrição infantil, desenvolvimento infantil, infância, criança. Busca não sistemática na Internet de organizações que adotam o conceito dos mil dias e emitem recomendações sobre a saúde da criança. Síntese dos dados: Os primeiros mil dias vão da concepção até o fim do segundo ano de vida. É um importante período para intervenções que garantam nutrição e desenvolvimento saudáveis, que trarão benefícios em todo o ciclo de vida. As crianças devem receber alimentação adequada, por meio de nutrição pré-natal adequada, aleitamento materno exclusivo nos primeiros seis meses, adição de alimentos complementares adequados e continuação da amamentação até os dois anos. Face à condição de dependência absoluta de cuidados de um adulto, é fundamental que tenham um ambiente propício e acolhedor necessário para desenvolver laços fortes com seus cuidadores e lançar as bases para um desenvolvimento pleno e saudável. Conclusões: O pediatra, junto com outros profissionais, pode atuar na promoção de ações com ênfase no conceito dos primeiros mil dias que garantam a nutrição e o desenvolvimento saudáveis da criança. Focalizar ações nesse período poderá aumentar as chances de a criança ter uma vida saudável e produtiva no futuro, fortalecer famílias e comunidades e contribuir para quebrar o ciclo intergeracional da pobreza.


Abstract Objectives: To describe the concept of the first 1,000 days, its importance for health, and actions to be implemented, particularly by pediatricians, in order to attain healthy nutrition and development. Sources: A nonsystematic review was carried out in the SciELO, Lilacs, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, encompassing the last decade, using the terms 1,000 days, child nutrition, child development, childhood, and child. A non-systematic search was performed online for organizations that use the 1,000-day concept and give recommendations on children's health. Summary of the findings: The first 1,000 days range from conception to the end of the second year of life. It represents an important period to implement interventions to ensure healthy nutrition and development, which will bring benefits throughout life. Children should receive adequate nutrition, through proper prenatal diet, exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months, addition of adequate complementary foods, and continued breastfeeding up to 2 years of life. Given the condition of absolute dependence on an adult's care, it is crucial to establish an enabling and friendly environment, necessary for the development of strong bonds with caregivers, laying the groundwork for a full and healthy development. Conclusions: The pediatrician, together with other professionals, can act by promoting actions emphasizing the concept of the first 1,000 days to ensure healthy nutrition and development. Focusing on actions in this period may increase the child's chance of having a healthy and productive life in the future, strengthening family and community ties, helping to break the intergenerational cycle of poverty.


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Child Development/physiology , Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Health Promotion , Pediatrics , Physician's Role , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Nutrition Policy , Nutritional Status , Socioeconomic Factors
10.
Rev. cuba. endocrinol ; 24(1): 18-34, ene.-abr. 2013.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: lil-672133

ABSTRACT

Introducción: la expectativa de crecimiento óptimo de recién nacidos pretérminos, cuyos pesos al nacer fueron muy bajos, no está totalmente dilucidada, lo cierto es que esta población no crece de forma homogénea. Objetivos: caracterizar el crecimiento posnatal durante el primer año de vida, y determinar los factores asociados al crecimiento recuperador de esos recién nacidos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal prospectivo, que incluyó a los prematuros con peso natal inferior a 1 500 g nacidos en 4 hospitales ginecobstétricos de Ciudad de La Habana, entre el 1ro. de enero de 2005 y el 31 de diciembre de 2007. Resultados: la muestra estuvo conformada por 73 pacientes, 37 del sexo femenino (50,7 por ciento). El 60,2 por ciento nació entre las 32-36 semanas de gestación, el 50,6 por ciento con un peso entre 1 200-1 399 g, y el 36 por ciento con una talla entre 38-40,9 cm. A los 3 meses el 70 por ciento se encontró por debajo del 3 percentil de talla/edad y peso/edad, y al año más del 50 por ciento alcanzó percentiles normales. La menor edad gestacional, el embarazo único, la lactancia materna exclusiva (68,5 por ciento), su mayor duración, así como la ausencia de infecciones, se relacionaron con mayor ganancia de peso, con significación estadística. Conclusiones: los recién nacidos pretérmino y de muy bajo peso al nacer tienen un ritmo de crecimiento acelerado durante el primer año de vida. Este crecimiento recuperador está relacionado con factores perinatales, posnatales y nutricionales(AU)


Introduction: the expectations of optimal growth of preterm newborns, whose birthweights were very low, are not totally clear; the real thing is that this population does not show homogeneous growth. Objectives: to characterize the postnatal growth for the first year of life and to determine those factors associated with their catch-up growth. Methods: a prospective longitudinal and descriptive study was conducted, which included preterm infants with birthweight under 1 500 g, born at 4 gynecobstetric hospitals from January 1st 2005 to December 31st, 2007 in Havana. Results: the sample was made up of 73 patients of whom 37 were females (50.7 percent). Of this number, 60,2 percent was born with 32-36 weeks of gestation; 50.6 percent weighing 1 200-1 399 g and 36 percent showed a size of 38 to 40,9 cm. After three months, 70 percent was found to be less than 3 percentile of size/age and weight/age, but at one year, over 50 percent reached normal percentile values. The smaller gestational age, the only pregnancy, the exclusive breastfeeding (68.5 percent), longer duration of breastfeeding as well as lack of infections were all related to statistically significant higher weight gain. Conclusions: the preterm newborns with very low birthweight experience accelerated growth rate in their first year of life. This catch-up growth is linked to perinatal, postnatal and nutritional factors(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Postnatal Care/trends , Infant, Low Birth Weight/growth & development , Infant, Premature/growth & development , Weight Gain/physiology , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Cephalometry/methods , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Prospective Studies , Longitudinal Studies
11.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 58(6): 714-723, nov.-dez. 2012.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-659822

ABSTRACT

A obesidade é um tema recorrente na literatura científica da atualidade. Isso se deve ao aumento exponencial de sua prevalência em todas as camadas da sociedade. A popularidade deste tema fez também com que assuntos associados a ele emergissem e ganhassem maior notabilidade em publicações da área da saúde. Com objetivo de avaliar o que vem sendo estudado no campo da obesidade e nutrição, esta revisão realiza um apanhado de todos os artigos publicados dentro destes temas em algumas das principais revistas científicas brasileiras nos últimos dois anos. Dentre os subtemas selecionados neste trabalho, aqueles relacionados à obesidade infantil chamaram atenção por aparecerem com maior frequência. Estes foram subdivididos em: prevalência, influências intrauterinas e do aleitamento que podem levar ao desenvolvimento desta condição, consequências na qualidade de vida, sistema cardiovascular e metabolismo e possíveis estratégias de prevenção. Além disso, foram explorados temas relacionados à obesidade em adultos como seus fatores de risco e novas estratégias de prevenção, com atenção especial aos muitos estudos avaliando diferentes aspectos relacionados à cirurgia bariátrica. Finalmente, abordou-se o tema da desnutrição e o impacto da deficiência de micronutrientes específicos como selênio, vitamina D e vitamina B12. A partir dos resultados, tornou-se possível concluir a real importância da obesidade e da nutrição na manutenção da saúde e também as diversas frentes de pesquisa que a envolvem na atualidade. Dessa forma, é essencial que se criem novas formas de atualização que sejam rápidas e eficientes, direcionadas aos profissionais de saúde envolvidos no tratamento destes indivíduos.


Obesity is a recurring theme in current scientific literature. This can easily be explained by its exponential increase in all layers of society. The popularity of this subject has also given rise to associated questions, which have achieved greater prominence in health-related publications. In order to assess what has been studied in the field of obesity and nutrition, an overview of all articles published on these subjects in some of the main Brazilian scientific journals over the past two years was performed. Among the subthemes selected for this study, those related to childhood obesity attracted attention due to their greater frequency. These were subdivided into: prevalence, intrauterine and breastfeeding influences that may lead to the development of this condition, impact on quality of life, cardiovascular system and metabolism, and possible prevention strategies. Furthermore, issues related to obesity in adults were explored, such as risk factors and new strategies for prevention, with special attention given to the many studies evaluating different aspects of bariatric surgery. Finally, the subject of malnutrition and the impact of the deficiency of specific micronutrients such as selenium, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 were assessed. Based on the results, it was possible to assess the actual importance of obesity and nutrition in health maintenance, and also the several lines of research regarding these issues. Thus, it is essential to create new methods, which must be quick and efficient, to update health professionals involved in the treatment of obesity.


Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Obesity/epidemiology , Bariatric Surgery , Brazil/epidemiology , Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Nutritional Status , Obesity, Morbid/surgery , Obesity/genetics , Obesity/therapy , Prevalence , Quality of Life , Risk Factors
12.
J. appl. oral sci ; 19(6): 554-559, Nov.-Dec. 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-610867

ABSTRACT

Neonatal nutrition is an important subject in health in the short, medium and long term. In preterm newborns, nutrition assumes a predominant role for the child's overall development. Babies with uncoordinated swallowing or respiration may not have the necessary oral abilities to suck the mother's breast and will need to implement different feeding practices; one of them is changing the consistency of the milk offered. Objectives: Determine viscosity variations of untreated human and pasteurized milk without and with thickening to adapt the diet to the needs of dysphagic infants hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Cara Unit (NICU). Material and Methods: The authors altered the viscosity of natural infant powdered milk and, after thickening, determined and adopted a thickening standard for human milk. Untreated human and pasteurized milk was thickened in concentrations of 2 percent, 3 percent, 5 percent and 7 percent and the viscosity were determined every 20 minutes for a period of 60 minutes at a temperature of 37ºC. Results: The infant lactose formula thickened at concentrations of 2 percent and 3 percent produced viscosities of 8.97cP and 27.73 cP, respectively. The increases were significantly different after 1 hour. Inversely, untreated human milk at 2 percent, 3 percent, 5 percent and 7 percent produced diminished viscosity over time; the changes were more accentuated in the first 20 minutes. In pasteurized human milk, the 2 percent concentration had no variation in viscosity, but with the 3 percent, 5 percent and 7 percent concentrations, there was a significant decrease in the first 20 minutes with stability observed in the subsequent times. Conclusion: In powdered milk, the viscosity increases over time; the viscosity in human milk diminishes. The results point out the importance not only of considering the concentration of the thickener but also the time being administered after its addition to effectively treat dysphagic infants.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Deglutition Disorders , Food Additives/chemistry , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Milk, Human/chemistry , Deglutition Disorders/physiopathology , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Pasteurization , Temperature , Time Factors , Viscosity
13.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 53(5): 528-539, jul. 2009. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-525415

ABSTRACT

Child health is widely affected by nutritional status, and there is growing interest surrounding the possibility that child nutritional status and infant feeding practices may be linked to obesity in adulthood, increasing risks of metabolic complications. Prospective studies enable appropriate investigation and evaluation of the determinants of childhood development. The present paper therefore aimed to provide a review of the main evidence to date from longitudinal studies concerning the associations of infant feeding practices, patterns of childhood growth and nutritional status exhibited in adult life.


A saúde infantil é amplamente afetada pelo estado nutricional. Há um interesse crescente acerca da possibilidade do estado nutricional apresentado pela criança e das práticas alimentares na primeira infância estarem relacionados à obesidade em indivíduos adultos, aumentando os riscos para complicações metabólicas. Sabe-se que estudos prospectivos possibilitam a investigação e a avaliação apropriadas de determinantes do desenvolvimento infantil. Consequentemente, o presente artigo objetivou revisar as principais evidências disponíveis a partir de estudos longitudinais sobre associações entre práticas alimentares na primeira infância, padrões de crescimento infantil e estado nutricional verificados durante a vida adulta.


Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Child Development/physiology , Feeding Behavior , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Nutritional Status/physiology , Obesity/etiology , Birth Weight , Body Mass Index , Energy Intake , Follow-Up Studies , Infant Food , Longitudinal Studies , Obesity/prevention & control , Risk Factors
14.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-16715

ABSTRACT

This paper addresses the importance of the first three years of life to the developing child, examines the importance of early childhood nutrition and the detrimental effects on child health and development due to poverty and food insecurity. As development experts learn more about the importance of the first three years of life, there is growing recognition that investments in early education, maternal-child attachment and nurturance, and more creative nutrition initiatives are critical to help break the cycle of poverty. Even the slightest forms of food insecurity can affect a young child's development and learning potential. The result is the perpetuation of another generation in poverty. Conceptualizing the poorly developed child as an embodiment of injustice helps ground the two essential frameworks needed to address food insecurity and child development: the capability approach and the human rights framework. The capability approach illuminates the dynamics that exist between poverty and child development through depicting poverty as capability deprivation and hunger as failure in the system of entitlements. The human rights framework frames undernutrition and poor development of young children as intolerable for moral and legal reasons, and provides a structure through which governments and other agencies of the State and others can be held accountable for redressing such injustices. Merging the development approach with human rights can improve and shape the planning, approach, monitoring and evaluation of child development while establishing international accountability in order to enhance the potential of the world's youngest children.


Subject(s)
Child Development/physiology , Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Child, Preschool , Human Rights/legislation & jurisprudence , Humans , Hunger/physiology , Infant , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Infant, Newborn , Poverty , Public Policy
15.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 83(1): 39-46, Jan.-Feb. 2007. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-444526

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar, utilizando modelagem estatística, os fatores de risco da anemia em crianças de 6 a 59 meses de idade no estado de Pernambuco, contemplando aspectos socioeconômicos e da dieta. MÉTODOS: A amostra constou de 746 crianças de 6 a 59 meses do estado de Pernambuco, nas quais foram realizados dosagem de hemoglobina e inquérito dietético recordatório de 24 horas. Foi analisado o risco de anemia em relação às variáveis socioeconômicas e de consumo alimentar, utilizando modelos de análise multivariada. RESULTADOS: Os fatores de risco para a anemia foram: alta proporção de calorias do leite de vaca, baixa densidade de ferro não-heme, baixa idade e baixa escolaridade materna, destacando-se que as crianças com menos de 24 meses apresentaram risco 3,61 vezes maior de serem anêmicas em relação às demais. CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo reforça a importância de se conhecer o consumo alimentar das crianças no país para melhor estabelecer a sua associação com a ocorrência da anemia. Os resultados revelaram que os fatores que mais explicaram o risco de anemia foram, com relação à dieta, a maior proporção de calorias do leite de vaca e menor densidade de ferro não-heme, além de idade menor de 24 meses e baixa escolaridade materna.


OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to use statistical modeling to identify risk factors for anemia in children aged 6 to 59 months in the state of Pernambuco, covering socioeconomic and dietary aspects. METHODS: The sample comprised 746 children aged between 6 and 59 months from the state of Pernambuco. Their hemoglobin was assayed and a 24-hour dietary recall performed. Risk of anemia was analyzed with relation to socioeconomic variables and to dietary intakes, using multivariate analysis models. RESULTS: The risk factors for anemia were: a high proportion of calories from cow's milk, low density of nonheme iron, low age and low maternal educational level; age was the most prominent factor, with children under 24 months exhibiting 3.61 times greater risk of being anemic than the older children. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the need for a clear picture of the dietary intake of children in Brazil, in order that associations with anemia can be better understood. Our results revealed that the dietary factors which were most responsible for risk of anemia were a greater proportion of calories from cow's milk and lower density of nonheme iron, in addition to age below 24 months and low maternal educational level.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/epidemiology , Diet Surveys , Energy Intake/physiology , Heme/administration & dosage , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Iron, Dietary/administration & dosage , Brazil/epidemiology , Educational Status , Income , Milk/physiology , Sex Distribution , Statistics
16.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 83(1): 53-58, Jan.-Feb. 2007.
Article in English | LILACS, SES-SP, BVSAM | ID: lil-444528

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVOS: Identificar as práticas alimentares de crianças de 6 a 12 meses de idade e sua associação com fatores maternos. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de delineamento transversal, no qual foram analisados os dados do Projeto Amamentação e Municípios de 2004, conduzido em 136 municípios do estado de São Paulo com 24.448 crianças. O padrão de consumo de alimentos foi avaliado segundo a freqüência de crianças que receberam leite materno e outros alimentos nas últimas 24 horas, e a probabilidade de consumo dos alimentos, nas faixas de idade, foi estimada por meio da análise de probitos. RESULTADOS: O consumo de alimentos revelou que 50 por cento receberam leite materno, 77 por cento outros tipos de leite, 63 por cento mingau, 87 por cento frutas, 78 por cento sopas, 64 por cento comida de panela, 58 por cento comida com feijão e 36 por cento sopa ou comida com carne. A probabilidade de a criança, aos 6 meses de idade, consumir sopas é elevada (78 por cento), comida de panela é baixa (39 por cento), e a probabilidade dela receber leite materno é de 59 por cento, inferior aos outros leites (70 por cento) e mingau (63 por cento). Encontrou-se associação entre consumo de refeições lácteas e mães primíparas, que trabalhavam fora e com maior escolaridade. Semelhantes achados foram observados para consumo de sopas, acrescido à idade da mãe superior a 20 anos. O consumo de comida de panela associou-se a mães com menos de 20 anos, que não trabalhavam fora, com menor escolaridade e multíparas. CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se consumo excessivo de alimentos líquidos e semi-sólidos e a necessidade do aconselhamento adequado em alimentação complementar, considerando idade, primiparidade, escolaridade e trabalho materno.


OBJECTIVE: To identify the feeding practices of children aged 6 to 12 months of age and associated maternal factors. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study analyzing data from the 2004 Breastfeeding and the Municipalities Project, which was implemented in 136 municipalities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, with 24,448 children. The foods these children ate were profiled according to the number of children who had been given breastmilk and/or other foods during the previous 24 hours, and based on this data the probability of consumption of each food at each age was estimated by means of probit analysis. RESULTS: It was observed that 50 percent of the sample were being given breastmilk, 77 percent other types of milk, 63 percent porridge, 87 percent fruit, 78 percent soups, 64 percent the family meal, 58 percent meals including beans and 36 percent soup or meals containing meat. The probability of a 6-month-old child being given soup is elevated (78 percent), while for the family meal it is low (39 percent), and the probability of being fed breastmilk is 59 percent, lower than for other milks (70 percent) and than for porridge (63 percent). Associations were observed between milk-based meals and primiparous mothers, mothers employed outside the home and mothers who had spent longer in education. Similar findings were observed for soups, added to maternal age of more than 20 years. The family meal was associated with mothers under 20 years old, mothers who were not employed outside the home, mothers with fewer years' education and multiparous mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Excessive consumption was observed of liquid and semi-solid foods, suggesting that appropriate guidance on complementary feeding is needed, taking into account age, primiparity, education and employed mothers.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant , Adult , Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Infant Food/statistics & numerical data , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Maternal Behavior , Brazil , Educational Status , Maternal Age , Parity , Weaning , Women, Working/statistics & numerical data
17.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 83(1): 33-38, Jan.-Feb. 2007. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: lil-444525

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Este estudo investiga os fatores dietéticos determinantes da ausência de anemia entre lactentes de famílias de baixo nível socioeconômico submetidos a um programa de intervenção nutricional, bem como a adequação do consumo de ferro de acordo com as recomendações. METODOLOGIA: O estudo compreendeu 369 crianças pertencentes a uma coorte do município de São Leopoldo (RS), as quais foram randomizadas ao nascimento para constituírem dois grupos: intervenção e controle. O grupo intervenção foi submetido a orientações dietéticas no primeiro ano de vida, com visitas domiciliares mensais, e o grupo controle foi visitado aos 6 e 12 meses, sem intervenção dietética. Ao final do primeiro ano de vida, realizou-se inquérito alimentar recordatório de 24 horas. O diagnóstico de anemia foi determinado pelo nível de hemoglobina inferior a 11 g/dL. As dietas das crianças foram classificadas de acordo com a biodisponiblidade do ferro presente. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de anemia encontrada neste estudo foi de 63,7 por cento. A proporção de crianças com consumo adequado em relação às recomendações foi estatisticamente mais elevada no grupo sem anemia (26,8 por cento) do que no grupo com anemia (17,7 por cento). As crianças que não apresentaram anemia mostraram maior consumo de ferro (p = 0,019), vitamina C (p = 0,001), densidade energética no jantar (p = 0,006), densidade de ferro por 1.000 calorias (p = 0,045), e 16,3 por cento delas apresentaram dieta com alta biodisponibilidade em ferro (p = 0,002). CONCLUSÕES: A prática alimentar que garante alta biodisponibilidade de ferro protege a criança contra anemia e pode ser usada como proposta de intervenção na rede básica de saúde e no âmbito das secretarias municipais de educação infantil.


OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the nutritional factors that determine the absence of anemia in infants from families with a low socioeconomic background submitted to a nutrition intervention program, as well as iron intake according to recommendations. METHODS: The study included 369 children from a cohort of inhabitants of São Leopoldo, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, who were randomized at birth into an intervention group and into a control group. The intervention group had nutritional guidance in the first year of life, with monthly follow-up home visits, whereas the control group was visited at 6 and 12 months, without nutritional intervention. At the end of the first year of life, a 24-hour recall was used. Anemia was diagnosed based on a hemoglobin level less than 11 g/dL. The children's diets were classified according to iron bioavailability. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia amounted to 63.7 percent in this study. The proportion of children with adequate iron intake relative to the recommendations was statistically higher in the nonanemic group (26.8 percent) than in the anemic one (17.7 percent). Nonanemic children had a greater intake of iron (p = 0.019), vitamin C (p = 0.001), energy density at dinner (p = 0.006), iron density per 1,000 calories (p = 0.045); and 16.3 percent of them had a diet with high iron bioavailability (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: A diet with high iron bioavailability protects children from anemia and can be used as an intervention measure by basic health services and by the municipal departments of children's education.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/prevention & control , Diet Surveys , Heme/pharmacokinetics , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Iron, Dietary/pharmacokinetics , Social Class , Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/diet therapy , Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/metabolism , Ascorbic Acid/administration & dosage , Biological Availability , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Energy Intake/physiology , Heme/administration & dosage , Iron, Dietary/administration & dosage , Nutritional Status/physiology , Treatment Outcome
18.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 83(1): 59-63, Jan.-Feb. 2007. tab
Article in English | LILACS, BVSAM | ID: lil-444529

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da evaporação e da pasteurização do leite humano na sua composição bioquímica e imunológica e em sua osmolaridade. MÉTODOS: As amostras de leite humano maduro foram divididas em quatro grupos de estudo: leite humano in natura, leite humano pasteurizado, leite humano evaporado a 70 por cento do volume inicial e leite humano pasteurizado e evaporado a 70 por cento, com 12 diferentes amostras de leite em cada grupo. Das amostras dos grupos, foram dosadas as concentrações de sódio, potássio, cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, proteína, gordura, lactose, imunoglobulina A e osmolaridade. RESULTADOS: A pasteurização do leite humano não mostrou alterações estatisticamente significantes na concentração dos elementos sódio, potássio, cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, proteína, gordura, lactose, nem na osmolaridade; no entanto, mostrou redução significante na concentração média de imunoglobulina A. A evaporação mostrou aumento estatisticamente significativo de 38 por cento em média na concentração dos elementos sódio, potássio, cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, proteína, gordura e lactose e redução média de 45 por cento na concentração da imunoglobulina A, sem alteração significativa da osmolaridade em relação ao leite sem processamento. CONCLUSÃO: Através da evaporação a 70 por cento do volume inicial do leite humano, pode ser obtido leite humano com condições de satisfazer as necessidades nutricionais preconizadas para o recém-nascido pré-termo, com exceção do cálcio e do fósforo.


OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of evaporation and pasteurization of human milk on its biochemical and immunological composition and on its osmolarity. METHODS: The samples of mature human milk were categorized into four study groups: in natura human milk, pasteurized human milk, human milk evaporated at 70 percent of the baseline volume and human milk pasteurized and evaporated at 70 percent, with 12 different samples of milk in each group. The samples were used to determine the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, protein, fat, lactose, immunoglobulin A and osmolarity. RESULTS: The pasteurization of human milk did not show statistically significant changes in the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, protein, fat, lactose, or in osmolarity; however, it showed remarkable reduction in the mean concentration of immunoglobulin A. Evaporation had a mean increase of 38 percent in the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, protein, fat and lactose and mean reduction of 45 percent in the concentration of immunoglobulin A, without significant change in osmolarity in unprocessed milk. CONCLUSION: By evaporation at 70 percent of the baseline value of human milk, it is possible to obtain human milk that meets the nutritional requirements recommended for preterm infants, except for calcium and phosphorus.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant Formula/standards , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Milk, Human/chemistry , Nutritional Requirements , Sterilization , Volatilization , Fats/analysis , Hot Temperature , Infant, Premature/physiology , Infant, Very Low Birth Weight/physiology , Lactose/analysis , Metals, Alkali/analysis , Metals, Alkaline Earth/analysis , Milk, Human/immunology , Nutritive Value , Osmolar Concentration , Phosphorus/analysis
19.
J Health Popul Nutr ; 2006 Dec; 24(4): 530-9
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-873

ABSTRACT

About one-fourth to one-half of all infant deaths in developing countries occur in the first week of life. Immediate breastfeeding within the first hour, followed by early exclusive breastfeeding, improves the health and survival status of newborns. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that breastfeeding practices, crucial to infant health, can be improved at scale in developing countries. During 1999-2003, the LINKAGES Project, funded by the United States Agency for International Development, implemented its community-based model to bring about rapid change in individual behaviours and community norms regarding early and exclusive breastfeeding, at a scale [LINKAGES' definition of 'scale' was adapted from a CORE Group background paper on 'Scaling-up' maternal, newborn, and child health services, 11 July 2005] that could achieve significant public-health impact. 'Scale' was defined as bringing improved infant-feeding practices to more people over a wider geographic area, more quickly, more equitably, and with sustainability as a goal. During this time, country-specific programmes were designed and implemented in Bolivia and Madagascar, with catchment populations of one million and six million respectively. These country programmes were implemented with multiple local government, private voluntary organizations, and partners of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) through existing health and nutrition activities. Breastfeeding was an entry point to work at all levels of the healthcare system and, within communities, using policy/advocacy and training for healthcare workers, with a particular emphasis on front-line health workers and community members. Harmonized messages and materials, including mass media, were developed and used by partners. Timely initiation of breastfeeding was one indicator measured. Data collected through rapid assessment surveys showed statistically significant increases (p<0.001) in timely initiation of breastfeeding in both the countries. In Bolivia, timely initiation of breastfeeding went from 56% in 2000 to 69% in 2001 and reached 74% by the end of 2003. In Madagascar, the initiation rate went from 34% at baseline in 2000 to 69% in 2001, 76% in 2002, and rose to 78% in 2004. Exclusive breastfeeding during the first month of life was also measured. At baseline in Bolivia, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding for the first month of life was 81% (2000), decreased slightly in 2001, and then increased to 88% by the end of the Project in 2003. In Madagascar, it started high at 86% in 2000, increased during the implementation of the programme, and by 2004, was 91%. These results were achieved quickly and sustained over the course of the intervention.


Subject(s)
Adult , Bolivia , Breast Feeding/epidemiology , Female , Government Agencies , Health Education/organization & administration , Health Promotion/organization & administration , Humans , Infant Care/methods , Infant Mortality , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Infant, Newborn , Madagascar , Male , Mothers/psychology
20.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 82(6): 445-451, Nov.-Dec. 2006. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, SES-SP, BVSAM | ID: lil-440510

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores associados à interrupção precoce (antes dos 4 meses) do aleitamento materno exclusivo e à introdução tardia (após os 8 meses) de alimentos complementares. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo transversal, por meio de inquérito, no primeiro dia da Campanha Nacional de Vacinação de 2004 em Cuiabá (MT). A amostra consistiu de 921 crianças menores de 1 ano, cujos acompanhantes foram entrevistados utilizando questionário semi-estruturado. Aplicou-se técnica de probitos para avaliação da oferta de líquidos e sólidos, e análise de regressão logística para análise de fatores associados à introdução precoce de líquidos ou introdução tardia de sólidos. RESULTADOS: Observou-se elevado consumo de água e chás, seguido pelo de leite de vaca, nos menores de 120 dias. A chance de estar ofertando líquido no momento do inquérito foi maior para as crianças que receberam tais alimentos no dia da alta da maternidade. A partir dos 8 meses, aproximadamente 60 por cento das crianças estavam recebendo sopa ou comida da família. CONCLUSÕES: A oferta de líquidos no primeiro dia em casa mostrou-se um bom preditor desse hábito nos primeiros 4 meses, reforçando a necessidade de ações no acompanhamento pré-natal e na maternidade sobre os malefícios dessa prática. Após os 8 meses, no entanto, há que se reforçar a importância da participação da criança na comida da família, especialmente para as mães adultas, com menos do que o 3° grau de escolaridade e primíparas.


OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with early interruption (before 4 months) of exclusive breastfeeding and late introduction (after 8 months) of complementary foods. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, based on a survey conducted on the first day of the National Vaccination Campaign in 2004, in Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. The sample comprised 921 children less than 1 year old, and the adult accompanying each child was interviewed and a semi-structured questionnaire filled out. Probit analysis was employed to assess consumption of liquids and solids, and logistic regression analysis was applied to identify factors associated with early introduction of liquids and with late introduction of solids. RESULTS: There was elevated consumption of water and teas, followed by cow's milk among those less than 120 days old. Children were more likely to be being given liquids on the day of the survey if they had been consuming them on the day they were discharged from the maternity unit. Approximately 60 percent of the children were being given soup or the family meal by 8 months. CONCLUSIONS: Liquids being given on the first day at home was a good predictor that they would be given for the first 4 months, emphasizing the need for intervention during prenatal care and at maternity units to counter the harm caused by this practice. After 8 months, however, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of the child participating in family meals, especially for adult mothers without higher education and primaparous mothers.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Adult , Breast Feeding/epidemiology , Infant Formula/administration & dosage , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Nutrition Surveys , Weaning , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Logistic Models , Multivariate Analysis , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data
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